Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy: terminology standardization / Injúria renal aguda e métodos de suporte: padronização da nomenclatura

Abstract The Department of Acute Kidney Injury (IRA) of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology prepared this document for the purpose of standardizing AKI terminology and dialysis modalities in the Portuguese language for Brazil. Several terms with similar meanings have been used in AKI and its dialysis modalities, causing confusion and disparities among patients, nephrologists, health institutions, private care companies, insurance companies and government entities. These disparities can impact medical care, hospital organization and care, as well as the funding and reimbursement of AKI-related procedures. Thus, consensual nomenclature and definitions were developed, including the definitions of AKI, acute kidney disease (AKD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Additionally, we addressed all dialysis modalities and extracorporeal procedures related to AKI, currently approved and available in the country. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology hopes that this Consensus can standardize the terminology and provide technical support to all involved in AKI care in Brazil.

Resumo O Departamento de Injúria Renal Aguda (IRA) da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia elaborou o presente documento para fins de padronização da terminologia em IRA e modalidades dialíticas na língua portuguesa para o Brasil. Diversos termos com significados semelhantes têm sido empregados em IRA e suas modalidades dialíticas, causando confusão e disparidades entre pacientes, nefrologistas, instituições de saúde, empresas privadas de assistência, seguradoras e entidades governamentais. Essas disparidades podem impactar a assistência médica, a organização e o atendimento hospitalares, assim como o financiamento e reembolso dos procedimentos relacionados com a IRA. Assim, nomenclatura e definições consensuais foram elaboradas, incluindo-se as definições de IRA, doença renal aguda (DRA) e doença renal crônica (DRC). Adicionalmente, todas as modalidades dialíticas e os procedimentos extracorpóreos relacionados a IRA, atualmente aprovados e disponíveis no país, foram abordados. A Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia espera que este Consenso possa padronizar a nomenclatura e prover suporte técnico para todos os atores envolvidos na assistência à IRA no Brasil.

Análise de custo-efetividade do uso de inibidores da via de sinalização mTOR x micofenolato em receptores de transplante renal sem profilaxia para citomegalovírus s / Cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors x mycophenolate in kidney transplantation recipients without cytomegalovirus prophylaxis

Objetivo: Avaliar a relação de custo-efetividade dos regimes imunossupressores utilizados em pacientes receptores de transplante renal, no Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Juiz de Fora, MG, basiliximabe, micofenolato de sódio, tacrolimo e prednisona (Grupo 1 = 93 pacientes), comparados com a associação de timoglobulina, everolimo, tacrolimo e prednisona (Grupo 2 = 91 pacientes). Métodos: Para a análise farmacoeconômica, foi utilizado o modelo de Árvore de Decisão, desenvolvido no software Treeage Suite 2011. Foi considerada uma coorte real de pacientes submetidos ao transplante renal entre janeiro de 2013 e março de 2017, os quais foram acompanhados por um período de um ano, sendo mensurados os benefícios clínicos, bem como os custos associados, na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. O método de custeio utilizado foi o botton-up. Foram adotados os limiares de custo-efetividade (LCEs) equivalentes a 1 PIB per capita e 1 a 3 PIB, considerando o ano de 2017. Resultados: No que diz respeito à sobrevida, a RCEI foi de cerca de R$ 214.234,12 para 1 ano de vida ganho. Em relação aos eventos adversos, a RCEI foi de cerca de R$ 43.682,98 para 1 ano sem incidência de eventos adversos. Conclusões: Ao avaliar a sobrevida e a incidência de eventos adversos, timoglobulina+everolimo não é considerado custo-efetivo em relação ao esquema contendo basiliximabe+micofenolato de sódio diante do LCE de 1 PIB per capita. No entanto, ao adotarmos o LCE até 3 PIB per capita, o regime contendo moglobulina+everolimo é custo-efetivo, ultrapassando cerca de 38% do PIB per capita.

Objective: Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of immunosuppressive regimens used in kidney transplant recipients at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Hospital in Juiz de Fora, MG, compared with basiliximab, mycophenolate sodium, tacrolimus and prednisone (Group 1 = 93 patients) with the association of thymoglobulin, everolimus, tacrolimus and prednisone (Group 2 = 91 patients). Methods: For the pharmacoeconomic analysis, the Decision Tree model was used, developed in the TreeAge Suite 2011 software. A real cohort of patients undergoing kidney transplantation between January 2013 and March 2017 was considered, they were followed up for a period of 1 year, where the clinical benefits were measured, as well as the associated costs, from the perspective

Baseline characteristics and evolution of Brazilian patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: first report of the Brazilian aHUS Registry.

Background: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is an ultra-rare disease. Therefore, studies involving large samples are scarce, making registries powerful tools to evaluate cases. We present herein the first analysis of the Brazilian aHUS Registry (BRaHUS). Methods: Analysis of clinical, laboratory, genetic and treatment data from patients inserted in the BRaHUS, from 2017 to 2020, as an initiative of the Rare Diseases Committee of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. Results: The cohort consisted of 75 patients (40 adults and 35 pediatric). There was a predominance of women (56%), median age at diagnosis of 20.7 years and a positive family history in 8% of cases. Renal involvement was observed in all cases and 37% had low C3 levels. In the <2 years of age group, males were predominant. Children presented lower levels of hemoglobin (P = .01) and platelets (P = .003), and higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P = .004) than adults. Genetic analysis performed in 44% of patients revealed pathogenic variants in 66.6% of them, mainly in CFH and the CFHR1-3 deletion. Plasmapheresis was performed more often in adults (P = .005) and 97.3% of patients were treated with eculizumab and its earlier administration was associated with dialysis-free after 3 months (P = .08). Conclusions: The cohort of BRaHUS was predominantly composed of female young adults, with renal involvement in all cases. Pediatric patients had lower hemoglobin and platelet levels and higher LDH levels than adults, and the most common genetic variants were identified in CFH and the CFHR1-3 deletion with no preference of age, a peculiar pattern of Brazilian patients.

Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy: terminology standardization.

The Department of Acute Kidney Injury (IRA) of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology prepared this document for the purpose of standardizing AKI terminology and dialysis modalities in the Portuguese language for Brazil. Several terms with similar meanings have been used in AKI and its dialysis modalities, causing confusion and disparities among patients, nephrologists, health institutions, private care companies, insurance companies and government entities. These disparities can impact medical care, hospital organization and care, as well as the funding and reimbursement of AKI-related procedures. Thus, consensual nomenclature and definitions were developed, including the definitions of AKI, acute kidney disease (AKD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Additionally, we addressed all dialysis modalities and extracorporeal procedures related to AKI, currently approved and available in the country. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology hopes that this Consensus can standardize the terminology and provide technical support to all involved in AKI care in Brazil.

COMDORA-SBN recommendations for patients with rare kidney diseases in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the issue is how to maintain adequate care for people with other diseases. In this document, the SBN Rare Diseases Committee (COMDORA) gives some guidelines on the care of patients with rare kidney diseases. These patients should follow the recommendations for the general population, bearing in mind that, as they have chronic kidney disease, they are included in the risk group for more serious outcomes if they develop Covid-19. Non-essential decision-making procedures should be postponed. In stable cases under appropriate treatment, we must choose to contact our patients remotely, using teleconsultations and home exam collections (if possible). In the presence of a symptom or sign of decompensation of the underlying disease, or infection with Sars-cov-2, advise the patient to seek medical assistance. The patient should not be waiting to get worse. Changes to the prescription should only be made on a scientific basis. Dosage suspension or change is not recommended, even in cases in which the patient needs to go to a center to receive his medication; in this case, the infusion center must follow the recommendations of the Ministry of Health. If the patient develops Covid-19 and uses any drugs, check the need for dose adjustment of the routine medications. Avoid the use of antimetabolics and anti-CD20 in patients with Covid-19, as they reduce viral clearance and predispose to bacterial infections. Contact between the patient and the medical team is essential; changes are recommended only with specialized medical guidance.

COMDORA-SBN recommendations for patients with rare kidney diseases in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic / Recomendações do COMDORA-SBN a pacientes portadores de doenças renais raras em relação à pandemia de Covid-19

ABSTRACT During the Covid-19 pandemic, the issue is how to maintain adequate care for people with other diseases. In this document, the SBN Rare Diseases Committee (COMDORA) gives some guidelines on the care of patients with rare kidney diseases. These patients should follow the recommendations for the general population, bearing in mind that, as they have chronic kidney disease, they are included in the risk group for more serious outcomes if they develop Covid-19. Non-essential decision-making procedures should be postponed. In stable cases under appropriate treatment, we must choose to contact our patients remotely, using teleconsultations and home exam collections (if possible). In the presence of a symptom or sign of decompensation of the underlying disease, or infection with Sars-cov-2, advise the patient to seek medical assistance. The patient should not be waiting to get worse. Changes to the prescription should only be made on a scientific basis. Dosage suspension or change is not recommended, even in cases in which the patient needs to go to a center to receive his medication; in this case, the infusion center must follow the recommendations of the Ministry of Health. If the patient develops Covid-19 and uses any drugs, check the need for dose adjustment of the routine medications. Avoid the use of antimetabolics and anti-CD20 in patients with Covid-19, as they reduce viral clearance and predispose to bacterial infections. Contact between the patient and the medical team is essential; changes are recommended only with specialized medical guidance.

RESUMO Durante a pandemia da Covid-19, fica a questão de como manter o atendimento adequado aos portadores de outras doenças. O Comitê de Doenças Raras (COMDORA) da SBN neste documento dá algumas orientações ao atendimento de pacientes com doenças renais raras. Estes pacientes devem seguir as recomendações destinadas à população geral tendo em mente que, por serem portadores de doença renal crônica, estão incluídos no grupo de risco para desfechos mais graves, caso venham a desenvolver a Covid-19. Procedimentos não essenciais para tomada de decisão devem ser adiados. Deve-se optar por contatos a distância, como teleconsultas, e coletas de exames domiciliares (se possível) nos casos estáveis sob tratamento adequado. Na presença de sintoma ou sinal de descompensação da doença de base ou infecção pelo Sars-cov-2, orientar o paciente a procurar a equipe médica. O paciente não deve ficar esperando o quadro agravar-se. Alterações na prescrição só devem ser feitas com embasamento científico. Não se recomenda a suspensão ou alteração posológica, mesmo nos casos em que o paciente necessita ir a um centro para receber sua medicação; neste caso o centro de infusão deve seguir as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde. Caso o paciente desenvolva a Covid-19 e faça uso de alguma droga, verificar a necessidade de ajuste nas doses dos medicamentos rotineiros. Evitar o uso de antimetabólicos e antiCD20 nos pacientes com a Covid-9, por reduzirem o clareamento viral e predisporem a infecções bacterianas. O contato entre paciente e equipe médica é essencial; alterações são recomendadas apenas com orientação médica especializada.

MYH9 and APOL1 gene polymorphisms and the risk of CKD in patients with lupus nephritis from an admixture population.

MYH9 polymorphisms have been described to be associated with the risk of CKD in non-diabetic nephropathy, HIV nephropathy and FSGS. Predominating in black descendants, MHY9 genetic variants could partially explain the excess risk of CKD associated with African ancestry. However, recent data suggests that APOL1 gene co-segregate with MYH9, and could be the gene truly associated with CKD risk. In this study, we evaluated the role of MYH9 and APOL1 gene polymorphisms in the risk of CKD in Brazilian patients with lupus nephritis (LN). A retrospective analysis of 196 LN patients was done. MYH9 rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 and rs3752462, APOL 1rs73885319, rs16996616, rs60910145, rs71785313, and APOL3 rs11089781 gene polymorphisms were determined. Genetic ancestry was ascertained both by autossomal ancestry and mitochondrial haplogroup. Primary outcome was defined as doubling of serum creatinine (DC) or end stage renal disease (ESRD). Sixty-two patients presented the PO. In our population, MYH9 and APOL1 were not in LD. None APOL polymorphism was associated with the PO, whereas rs3752462 MYH9 polymorphism showed a positive association (HR3.72, 95%CI 1.47-9.38, p = 0.005). When we analyzed the MYH9 E1 haplotype, the GCCT carriers (1 or 2 alelles present in 29.7% in the PO group vs. 18.5% in controls) showed a significant association to the risk of PO, even after adjustments for baseline estimated creatinine clearance and autossomal ancestry (HR 2.0, 95%CI 1.2-3.4, p = 0.01). Our results show that in our population MYH9, but not APOL1, gene polymorphisms confer an increased risk of CKD in LN patients, independently of race.

Influência do polimorfismo do gene MYH9 na doença renal progressiva em pacientes com nefrite lúpica / Influence of the MYH9 gene polymorphism in progressive kidney disease in patients with lupus nephritis

INTRODUÇÃO: A nefrite lúpica é uma complicação frequente e de alta morbimortalidade do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). A evolução para insuficiência renal crônica terminal varia entre 8 e 15% dos casos, após um período de 5 anos. A fase inicial da nefrite se deve a uma atividade imunológica exacerbada que leva a sequelas renais, como a fibrose intersticial, sinéquias glomerulares, e glomeruloesclerose. Uma vez instalada, vários fatores aceleram a velocidade de progressão da insuficiência renal, como a presença de proteinúria residual, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e a etnia do paciente. Estudos recentes mostraram que a presença de polimorfismos do MYH9 são altamente prevalentes em pacientes com GESF (glomeruloesclerose focal e segmentar), nefropatia do HIV e em pacientes com doença renal crônica não diabética. Os polimorfismos do MYH9 mais relacionados com essas doenças são os do haplótipo E1, causados pelos polimorfismos rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 e rs3752462, presentes principalmente na população negra e de hispano-americanos. No Brasil não há estudos sobre a prevalência desse gene. MÉTODOS: Nosso estudo analisou retrospectivamente 196 pacientes com nefrite lúpica, acompanhadas no ambulatório de glomerulopatias do Hospital das Clínicas da USP. Foram recuperados os dados clínicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2010. Foi feita análise dos polimorfismos do haplótipo E1 do gene do MYH9 (rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 e rs3752462) e correlacionados com suas características clínicas e laboratoriais, apresentando como desfecho a duplicação da creatinina ou a evolução para doença renal crônica terminal. RESULTADOS: O tempo de seguimento médio dos pacientes foi de 6,1 anos, com a creatinina inicial média de 1,6 g/dL e proteinúria média de 3,9 g/dia. Dezenove pacientes não recuperaram função renal, mantendo-se em diálise...

BACKGROUND: Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent complication with high morbidity and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Chronic renal failure is observed in 8 to 15% of the patients after 5 years of follow up. LN is an inflammatory disease after a systemic autoimmune activation. Once inflammation is shutdown several renal and nonrenal factors, such as residual proteinuria, hypertension and ethnicity of the patient, may emerge and impose to the kidney a chronic phenotype (interstitial fibrosis, glomerular adhesions and glomerulosclerosis. Recently E1 haplotype (rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 and rs3752462 polymorphisms) of the MYH9 gene was associated to progressive kidney diseases in patients with FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis), HIV nephropathy and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease, in african american and spanic american patients. In Brazil there is no data on this subject. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 196 patients with LN followed in our outpatient glomerular disease ward were enrolled glomerulopathies. Patients clinical data from January 1999 to December 2010 were retrieved and MYH9 rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 and rs3752462 polymorphisms were genotyped. Outcome was defined as doubling of serum creatinine, or end stage renal disease (ESRD). RESULTS: The mean follow-up of patients was 6.1 years, with an initial mean creatinine of 1.6 g/dL and mean proteinuria 3.9 g/day. On enrollment nineteen patients were on dialysis and did not recover renal function, they were withdraw from analyses of progressive kidney disease. On follow up, from 177 remaining patients, 43 (24%) showed the composite outcome: dialysis, or doubling creatinine. Progressors had higher renal SLEDAI (10 vs 8.9, p = 0.04), higher chronicity index at biopsy (5 vs 2, p <0.001) and more frequently renal flares (82, 9% vs. 53.8%, p=0.002), as well as lower rates of complete or partial remission (p <0.0001)...

As medidas de segurança no trânsito e a morbimortalidade intra-hospitalar por traumatismo craniencefálico no Distrito Federal / Security measures in traffic and its influence in head injury trauma in Distrito Federal

Este estudo busca analisar a efetividade das medidas de segurança no trânsito (cinto de segurança, dispositivos de reduçäo de velocidade e faixa de pedestre), usando como parâmetro a diminuiçäo da freqüência de casos ou da gravidade do traumatismo crâniencefálico (TCE). MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo e analítico, baseado na avaliaçäo dos dados secundários sobre trauma no Distrito Federal. Os dados foram analisados em dois períodos, um anterior (1992) e outro posterior (1997) a adoçäo das medidas de segurança no trânsito. RESULTADOS: No estudo comparam-se os índices (por 100.000 habitantes) de vítimas entre os dois períodos. Em 1992 houve 125,5 casos (grupo 1), enquanto que em 1997 houve 155,8 (grupo 2). Deste total, no Grupo 1 tivemos 26,2 casos de TCE com 5,2 óbitos pelo agravo, no Grupo 2 tivemos 62,1 casos com 4,1 óbitos, ou seja, o TCE foi responsável por 82,5 por cento do óbitos no primeiro período e por 79,4 por cento no segundo. Quanto à gravidade no grupo 1, tivemos 9,6 casos e no Grupo 2 foram 8,1 casos de TCE moderado e grave. CONCLUSÄO: Houve um aumento relativo e absoluto do número de casos de TCE devido a acidentes automobilísticos no período, contudo foi reduzida a morbimortalidade hospitalar do traumatismo, sugerindo que as medidas de segurança näo foram efetivas para diminuir o número de casos, mas possam ter sido satisfatórias para reduzir a morbimortalidade decorrente deles